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Have you ever been redacted?

September 27th 2009 03:24
One morning I received a curious email from my husband while we were both at work. He asked me what word he could use instead of ‘redact’ when speaking of terminating (i.e., firing, sacking, pink slipping) an employee. Hmm. I was surprised, and replied that ‘redact’ is more or less synonymous with ‘edit’ in the sense of 'to edit a piece of writing'. (Dictionary meaning: to prepare documents for publication.)

Husband's next message was even more surprising: “The termination papers here always use the word ‘redact’ and ‘redaction’, but I want to use another word in my airsoft [military roleplaying] game.” (Heh, yes he makes good use of company time.)


It seemed that someone out there in corporate land thought ‘redact’ an acceptable euphemism for ‘terminate’, which owing to a linguistic lapse led my husband to perceive ‘redact’ as an another term for ‘terminate’ in the sense of 'kill'.

After sorting things out with my husband, I did a quick Google search for “redact euphemism”. It turns out that ‘redact’ has been a popular buzzword of late, used by governmental figures and the like to mean ‘cover up’ or ‘censor’.

Despite the appalling instance of governmental 'redactions', I am actually more offended by the corporate use of ‘redact’. I can understand, in a slippery slope kind of way, how removing undesirable parts of a document can be part of the redaction process. But redaction, in the real sense, is somewhat neat and tidy; it's an act that's all about polishing something to make it presentable. A redacted paper is one thing, but it is quite another thing to redact a person. Or is it? You screwed up, and now the corporation wants to edit you out of the picture. Redacted. Done.


Aside: If you’re interested in issues of language and corporate jargon, I recommend Death Sentences by Don Watson.
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'Different than' versus 'Different from'

September 15th 2009 02:59
In the "than" versus "from" debate, I am firmly on the side of the established usage: "different from" is correct; one need only point to the long established use of "different from". Below are two examples from 19th-century English literature, Austen and Dickens respectively:

"'My style of writing is very different from yours.'" (Darcy to Miss Bingley)

"'But, your bringing-up was different from mine; mine was a real
thing, by George!'" (Bounderby to Harthouse)

But English, being an ever-evolving language, allows for new and accepted, if non-standard, forms all the time. I was once shocked to be corrected by an editor for writing "different from". In my defence, I pointed her to some authoritative texts on the matter, such as The Elements of Style.

Strunk & White say in The Elements of Style that "logic supports established usage". Indeed, compare the meanings of the words "than" and "from", and the correct usage is clear.* Which word is correct in the following example?

Lemons differ [from/than] oranges and figs.


According to Merriam-Webster, one of the uses of from is to "indicate an act or condition of...differentiation".

Lemons are different from oranges.
Figs are different from oranges.


On the other hand, than is used to make a "comparison expressive of inequality; used with comparative adjectives and comparative adverbs".

Lemons are tarter than oranges.
Figs are smaller than oranges.


Indeed, the prescriptive grammarian might only use "different than" in a sentence such as the following:

Figs are more different (from oranges) than lemons.


*I know that British English sometimes allows for "different to", which bemuses me. How did that come about?
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Commonly misused words and phrases

July 17th 2009 03:48
I thought I'd take a break from strictly writing about grammar, and post about something else that is dear to my heart: word usage and common misuses of words and phrases. Here is a list of some of the ones I hear and read most often.

lily
To gild refined gold, to paint the lily...


Gild the lily - This means to embellish something that does not need it, thereby ruining it. It does not mean to make something better; the idiom for that would be something like "the icing on the cake" (which is a cliché, however, so you might want to avoid it too). The phrase's origin is in the following lines from Shakespeare's King John:

"To gild refined gold, to paint the lily,/To throw a perfume on the violet,/To smooth the ice, or add another hue/Unto the rainbow, or with taper-light/To seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish,/Is wasteful and ridiculous excess."

Beg the question - This means to engage in circular reasoning. It does not mean to raise questions or issues related to a current topic or discussion.

Incorrect: The city workers are on strike, which begs the question, who will pick up the garbage?

Correct: My philosophy paper was graded a D because my arguments begged the question.


Literally - People often use "literally" for emphasis or for "figuratively". Though it is somewhat neat that a word can come to encompass both its original meaning and its opposite, it's still wrong. It can also cause ambiguity when the intended sense of "literally" is not clear from the context.

Incorrect: The baby literally screamed her head off all night.

Correct: I have literally three dollars to my name.


The second statement is ambiguous if two meanings can be accepted for the word "literally".

Peak/peek/pique - These homophones confuse many people. Recently I read a children's novel that used "peaked" instead of "peeked": professional copy editors make the mistake, so don't feel bad if you do too.

A darkly attractive man piqued my interest.
When saw me peeking, he said his name was Dracula.
I visited his castle on the peak of a hill.
After our liaison, I feel a little peaked.


Irony - This is like the misuse of "literally" in that it is used in two opposing ways (not counting its use as a literary term). Whensomething is ironic, its surface and its subtext are contradictory, or it has an effect that is opposite to its intended outcome.

Consider the following quote: "One of the amazing ironies of the situation was that Stephen Hawking happened to be studying theoretical physics, one of the very few jobs for which his mind was the only real tool he needed." (Stephen Hawking: A Life in Science by Michael White and John Gribbin)

Stephen Hawking has motor neuron disease, which renders him immobile and confined to a wheelchair. It's not ironic that his post-grad studies didn't require mobility; indeed, the nature of his studies was compatible with his physical limitations (e.g., as opposed to if he'd studied medicine, architecture, or chemistry).

Lay/lie - "Lay" is the past tense of "lie", in the sense of the state of repose. Lie is an intransitive verb and lay is a transitive verb. (More on those verbs in a later post, perhaps.)

An example of the intransitive verb is "I am lying on the couch." It is incorrect to say "I am laying on the couch."

An example of the transitive verb in the present tense is "He is laying the book on the table." The sentence in the past tense is "He lay the book on the table."

Dethaw (twigged by a comment from hazius on my previous post on this blog) - No matter what you think it means, there is no such word as dethaw!

If you want steaks for dinner, take them out of the freezer and thaw them in the fridge.
(Should you change your mind, return them to the freezer to re-freeze them.)


Penultimate - It means second-last; it is not another word for ultimate or last. The word for third-last is antepenultimate.

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is the penultimate book in the series.


Atypical - Do not use this as another word for typical. The first time I heard someone do this, he kept using "typical" and "atypical" interchangeably--much to my initial confusion. The a- prefix comes from the Greek for "not". Other words with the a- prefix include asymmetrical, asexual, anaemic, and amoral.
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Incomplete sentences, or sentence fragments, are relatively common in all sorts of writing, but they're also easy to avoid. The rule is simple: a complete sentence consists of two components--a subject and a predicate--in an independent clause. A subject tells the reader what the sentence is about; a predicate tells the reader about the subject, often an action that the subject performs.

Subjects and predicates
[ Click here to read more ]
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In my previous post, I talked about past and present tenses in English. This post covers future tense as well as conditional and subjunctive tenses.

Future tenses
[ Click here to read more ]
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In school I learned to write essays in the present tense. Often, people's essays, articles, reviews, etc., sound like this:

"WALL-E was a great movie. I thought that the story was very imaginative and the animation was top-notch. My favourite part was when WALL-E squashed his pet cockroach."
[ Click here to read more ]
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Capital letters are used for proper nouns, initialisms (acronyms and so on), and the beginnings of sentences. Discerning between upper- and lower-case letters is one of the first things we learn in school, but somewhere along the way, many of us started to use Capital Letters quite Randomly and/or Excessively.

In real life, I know of no one who does it more than my own husband (and in fact, it was reading something he'd written that caused me to write this post). Below, I use one of his sentences as an example


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The possessive apostrophe

May 23rd 2009 20:35
I mentioned the possessive apostrophe in previous posts here at Grammar Matters, but it deserves special attention because it is the source of so much confusion. Most of us are clear on the concept that adding an apostrophe and an "s" to a regular noun indicates possession, as in the following phrases:

the cat's meow
[ Click here to read more ]
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Hooked on homophones

May 15th 2009 17:03
My son, a second-grader, is learning about homophones this year. One afternoon, as I quizzed him on some vocabulary and spelling, I realised that I--a self-professed English geek--at some point in the intervening years between school and now, had somehow mixed up homophones and homonyms. Here, then, is a refresher.

two tents
Homophones are words that share the same pronunciation, but have different meanings. They can be spelled the same or differently. Examples include to/two, no/know, see/sea.


[ Click here to read more ]
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I mentioned in a previous post, "Can good writers be bad spellers?" that I have a damnable time with using the right verb in sentences where subjects are connected by "or". This is known as subject/verb agreement; that is, when there is a singular subject, use a singular verb, and when there are plural subjects, use a plural verb:

That gum you like is coming back in style. (singular


[ Click here to read more ]
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